MIT Media Lab: Affective Computing Group

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Publications

2008

Madsen, M., el Kaliouby, R., Goodwin, M., and Picard, R.W., "Technology for Just-In-Time In-Situ Learning of Facial Affect for Persons Diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder," Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS), October 13-15, 2008, Halifax, Canada. PDF

Picard, R.W., "Purple Haze Chemistry," Chapter in Falling for Science: Objects in Mind, pp 228-235, Ed. Sherry Turkle, MIT Press, May 30, 2008. online

D'Mello, S., Jackson, T., Craig, S., Morgan, B., Chipman, P., White,H., Person, N., Kort, B., el Kaliouby, R., Picard., R.W. and Graesser, A., "AutoTutor Detects and Responds to Learners Affective and Cognitive States," Workshop on Emotional and Cognitive Issues at the International Conference of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, June 23-27, 2008, Montreal, Canada. PDF

Picard, R.W. and Goodwin, M., "Developing Innnovative Technology for Future Personalized Autism Research and Treatment," Autism Advocate, First Edition 2008, Volume 50, No. 1, pages 32-39. PDF

Picard, R.W., Goodwin, M., Fletcher, R., Eydgahi, H., Williams, C., Marecki, A., Lee, C.H., Morris, R., Kim, K., Mota, S., and el Kaliouby, R., "Development of a New Toolkit Enabling Wearable Wireless Autonomic Nervous System Communication for Persons on the Autism Spectrum," Poster at International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR), May 15-17, 2008, London, UK. PDF

Teeters, A., el Kaliouby, R., Goodwin, M., Shandell, M., and Picard, R.W., "Novel Wearable Apparatus for Quantifying and Reliably Measuring Social-Emotional Expression Recognition in Natural Face-to-Face Interaction," Poster at International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR), May 15-17, 2008, London, UK. PDF

Lee, C.H., Kim, K., Breazeal, C., and Picard, R.W. "Shybot : Friend-Stranger Interaction for Children Living with Autism," Work-In-Progress in the Extended Abstract of CHI 2008, April 5-10, 2008, Florence, Italy. PDF

Lee, C.H., Morris, R., Goodwin, M., and Picard, R.W. "Lessons Learned from a Pilot Study Quantifying Face Contact and Skin Conductance in Teens with Asperger Syndrome," Work-In- Progress in the Extended Abstract of CHI 2008, April 5-10, 2008, Florence, Italy. PDF

Kim, K., Picard, R.W., and Lieberman, H. "Common Sense Assistant for Writing Stories that Teach Social Skills," Work-In-Progress in the Extended Abstract of CHI 2008, April 5-10, 2008, Florence, Italy. PDF

2007

Paiva, A., Prada, R., and Picard, R.W. "Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Second International Conference, ACII 2007," Lisbon, Portugal, September 12-14, 2007, Proceedings Springer 2007.online

Daily, S. B., and Picard, R. W. "Girls Involved in Real Life Sharing: Utilizing Technology to Support the Emotional Development of Teenaged Girls," Journal of School Counseling, 5(20), 27 August 2007. PDF

Ahn, H.I, Teeters, A., Wang, A., Breazeal, C., and Picard, R.W. "Stoop to Conquer: Posture and affect interact to influence computer users' persistence," The 2nd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, September 12-14, 2007, Lisbon, Portugal. PDF

Teeters, A. "Use of a Wearable Camera System in Conversation: Toward a Companion Tool for Social-Emotional Learning in Autism," MIT MS Thesis, September 2007. PDF

El Kaliouby, R., Picard, R.W., Teeters, A., and Goodwin, M. "Social-Emotional Technologies For ASD," International Meeting for Autism Research, Seattle, Washington, May 2007. Abstract Online

Daily, S.B., Eugene, W. and Prewitt, A. "The Development of Social Capital in Engineering Education to Improve Student Retention," Proceedings, 2007 ASEE Southeastern Section Annual Conference, Louisville, KY, April 1-3, 2007. PDF

Prewitt, A., Daily, S.B., and Eugene, W. "Minority Retention and Success in Engineering: Diversifying the Pipeline through the Development of Social Capital," Proceedings, 2007 ASEE Annual Conference, Honolulu, HI, June 24-28, 2007. Winner of Best Paper Prize.

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Mills-Henry, I., Chapman, R., Brittain, E.B., Hampton, M., Daily, S.B., Walcott, A., and Bryant, R. "The Academy of Courageous Minority Engineers: A Model For Supporting Minority Graduate Students in the Completion of Science and Engineering Degrees," Proceedings, 2007 ASEE Annual Conference, Honolulu, HI, June 24-28, 2007. PDF

Burleson, W., Picard, R.W. "Evidence for Gender Specific Approaches to the Development of Emotionally Intelligent Learning Companions," IEEE Intelligent Systems, Special issue on Intelligent Educational Systems, Vol 22, No 4, July 2007, pp. 62-69. Pre-Print PDF

D'Mello, S., Picard R.W, and Graesser, A. "Towards An Affect-Sensitive AutoTutor," IEEE Intelligent Systems, Special issue on Intelligent Educational Systems, Vol 22, No 4, July 2007, pp. 53-61. Pre-Print PDF

Kapoor, A., Burleson, W., and Picard, R.W. "Automatic Prediction of Frustration," International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 65, Issue 8, pages 724-736, August, 2007, doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.02.003. IJHCS Online by subscription

Breazeal, C., Wang, A. and Picard, R.W. "Experiments with a Robotic Computer, Body, Affect and Cognition Interactions," Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Washington DC, March 2007.

Picard, R. W. "Toward Machines with Emotional Intelligence," Chapter in The Science of Emotional Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns, Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R. D. (Eds.) Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. (2007)

Picard, R.W., Liu, K.K."Relative Subjective Count and Assessment of Interruptive Technologies Applied to Mobile Monitoring of Stress," International Journal of Human- Computer Studies, Vol 65, Issue 4, April 2007. Pre-Print PDF IJHCS Online by subscription

2006

El Kaliouby, R., Picard, R.W., and Baron-Cohen, S. "Affective Computing and Autism," Progress in Convergence. Eds. W. S. Bainbridge and M. C. Roco, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1093: 228-248, doi:10.1196/annals.1382.016.

Burleson, W. "Affective Learning Companions: Strategies for Empathetic Agents with Real-Time Multimodal Affective Sensing to Foster Meta-Cognitive and Meta-Affective Approaches to Learning, Motivation, and Perseverance," MIT PhD Thesis, September 2006. PDF

Teeters, A., El Kaliouby, R. and Picard, R.W. "Self-Cam: Feedback From What Would be your Social Partner," ACM SIGGRAPH, 2006 Research Posters, p. 138, July 30-Aug. 3, 2006, Boston, MA. PDF

El Kaliouby, R., Teeters, A., and Picard, R.W. "An Exploratory Social-Emotional Prosthetic for Autism Spectrum Disorders," International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, p. 3, April 3-5, 2006, MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, MA. PDF

Kapoor, A. "Learning Discriminative Models with Incomplete Data," MIT PhD Thesis, February 2006. PDF

Ahn, H.I., Picard, R.W. "Affective Cognitive Learning and Decision Making: The Role of Emotions," The 18th European Meeting on Cybernetics and Systems Research (EMCSR 2006), April 18-19, 2006, Vienna, Austria. PDF

Goo, J.J., Park, K.S., Lee, M., Park, J., Hahn, M., Ahn, H.I., and Picard, R.W. "Effects of Guided and Unguided Style Learning on User Attention in a Virtual Environment," Edutainment 2006. PDF

2005

Tao, J., Tan, T., and Picard, R.W. "Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction," First International Conference, ACII 2005, Beijing, China, October 22-24, 2005, Proceedings Springer 2005.

Kapoor, A., Picard, R.W. "Multimodal Affect Recognition in Learning Environments," ACM MM'05, November 6-11, 2005, Singapore. PDF

Fernandez, R., Picard, R.W. "Classical and Novel Discriminant Features for Affect Recognition from Speech," Interspeech 2005 - Eurospeech 9th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, September 4-8, Lisbon, Portugal. PDF

Bickmore, T., Gruber, A., and Picard, R.W. "Establishing the Computer-Patient Working Alliance in Automated Health Behavior Change Interventions," Patient Educational Counseling, Volume 59, No. 1, pp. 21-30. PDF

Reynolds, C. "Adversarial Uses of Affective Computing and Ethical Implications," MIT PhD Thesis, September 2005. PDF

Ahn, H.I., Picard, R.W. "Affective Cognitive Learning and Decision Making: A Motivational Reward Framework For Affective Agents," The 1st International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, October 22-24, 2005, Beijing, China. PDF

Larson, K., Picard, R.W. "The Aesthetics of Reading," Human-Computer Interaction Consortium, February 2005, Colorado. PDF

Daily, S.B. "Digital Story Explication as it Relates to Emotional Needs and Learning," MIT SM Thesis, June 2005. PDF

Davis, P.C. "Eliciting and Detecting Affect in Covert and Ethically Sensitive Situations," MIT SM Thesis, June 2005. PDF

Strauss, M. "HandWave: Design and Manufacture of a Wearable Wireless Skin Conductance Sensor and Housing," MIT SB Thesis, June 2005. PDF

Kapoor, A., Ahn, H.I., Picard, R.W. "Mixture of Gaussian Processes for Combining Multiple Modalities," in Proceedings of Multiple Classifier Systems, Eds. N. C. Oza, R. Polikar, J. Kittler, and F. Roli, 6th International Workshop, MCS 2005, June 2005, Seaside, CA, pp. 86-96. PDF

D'Mello, S.K., Craig, S.D., Gholson, B., Franklin, S., Picard, R.W., and Graesser, A.C. "Integrating Affect Sensors in an Intelligent Tutoring System," In Affective Interactions: The Computer in the Affective Loop Workshop at 2005 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (pp. 7-13) New York: AMC Press. (Also presented at IUI '05 Workshop, San Diego, CA, January 2005.) PDF

Picard, R.W. "Helping Addicts: A Scenario from 2021," Prepared for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. PDF

Reynolds, C., Picard, R.W. "Evaluation of Affective Computing Systems from a Dimensional Metaethical Position," 1st Augmented Cognition Conference, In conjunction with the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, July 22-27, 2005, Las Vegas, NV. PDF

Picard, R.W., Daily, S.B. "Evaluating Affective Interactions: Alternatives to Asking What Users Feel," CHI Workshop on Evaluating Affective Interfaces: Innovative Approaches, April 2005, Portland, OR. PDF

Liu, K.K., Picard, R.W. "Embedded Empathy in Continuous, Interactive Health Assessment," CHI Workshop on HCI Challenges in Health Assessment, April 2005, Portland, OR. PDF

Reynolds, C. "On the Computational Complexity of Action Evaluations," Sixth International Conference of Computer Ethics: Philosophical Enquiry, July 17-19, 2005, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. PDF

Healey, J., Picard, R.W. "Detecting Stress During Real-World Driving Tasks Using Physiological Sensors," IEEE Trans. on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Volume 6, No. 2, June 2005, pp. 156-166. PDF

Qi, A. (Yuan) "Extending Expectation Propagation for Graphical Models," MIT PhD Thesis, February 2005. PDF

Strauss, M., Reynolds, C., Hughes, S., Park, K., McDarby, G. and Picard, R.W. "The HandWave Bluetooth Skin Conductance Sensor," The 1st International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, October 22-24, 2005, Beijing, China. PDF

Kapoor, A., Qi, Y., Ahn, H.I., and Picard, R.W. "Hyperparameter and Kernel Learning for Graph Based Semi-Supervised Classification," Proceedings of Neural Information Processing Systems, NIPS 2005, December 2005, Vancouver, BC, Canada. PDF

2004

Wren, C., Reynolds, C. "Minimalism in Ubiquitous Interface Design," Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, Tangible Interfaces in Perspective Theme Issue, to appear. PDF

Bickmore, T., Picard, R.W. "Establishing and Maintaining Long-Term Human-Computer Relationships," Trans. on Computer-Human Interaction, Volume 12, No. 2, June 2004, pp. 293-327. PDF

Picard, R.W., S. Papert, W. Bender, B. Blumberg, C. Breazeal, D. Cavallo, T. Machover, M. Resnick, D. Roy and C. Strohecker (2004), "Affective Learning--A Manifesto," BT Technical Journal, Volume 22, No. 4, October 2004, pp. 253-269. PDF

S.B. Daily, Picard, R.W. "INNER-active Journal," The 1st ACM Workshop on Story Representation, Mechanism And Context In Conjunction with the 12th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, October 15,2004. PDF

A. Mohan (2004), "Health-Technology: Design of Bandage-Sized Wireless Sensors and Effect of Ambient Displays on Social Support and Diabetes Management", MIT SM Thesis, September 2004. Please email Akshay Mohan for a PDF

W. Burleson, Picard, R.W. "Affective Agents: Sustaining Motivation to Learn Through Failure and a State of Stuck," Social and Emotional Intelligence in Learning Environments Workshop In Conjunction with the 7th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, August 31, 2004, Maceio - Alagoas, Brasil. PDF

W. Burleson (2004), "Affective Learning Companions," Doctorial Consortium in Conjunction with the 7th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, August 30, 2004, Maceio - Alagoas, Brasil. PDF

A. Kapoor, Picard, R.W., and Y. Ivanov (2004), "Probabilistic Combination of Multiple Modalities to Detect Interest," International Conference on Pattern Recognition, August 2004, Cambridge, U.K. PDF

J. Angesleva, C. Reynolds and S. O'Modhrain (2004), "Emotemail," In DVD proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH) August 8, 2004. Abstract PDF Poster PDF

C. Reynolds,Picard, R.W."Ethical Evaluation of Displays that Adapt to Affect," 1st Adaptive Displays Conference, In conjunction with the 31st International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH), August 7, 2004. CyberPsychology and Behavior. PDF

Y. Qi, T. Minka, Picard, R.W. and Z. Ghahramani (2004), "Predictive Automatic Relevance Determination by Expectation Propagation," International Conference on Machine Learning, July 2004, Banff, Canada. PDF

W. Burleson, Picard, R.W., K. Perlin and J. Lippincott (2004), "A Platform for Affective Agent Research," Workshop on Empathetic Agents, International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Columbia University, July 2004, New York, NY. PDF

K.K. Liu (2004), "A Personal, Mobile System for Understanding Stress and Interruptions," M.S. Thesis, MIT Media Arts and Science, June 2004. PDF

T. Bickmore, Picard, R.W."Towards Caring Machines", Proceedings of CHI, April 2004, Vienna, Italy. PDF

C. Reynolds, Picard, R.W."Affective Sensors, Privacy, and Ethical Contracts," Proceedings of CHI, April 2004, Vienna, Italy, pp. 1103-1106. PDF

R. Fernandez (2004), "A Computational Model for the Automatic Recognition of Affect in Speech," Ph.D. Thesis, MIT Media Arts and Science, February 2004. PDF Software Download

2003

A. Mohan, and R.W. Picard (2003), "Health-Zero: A New Health and Lifesytle Management Pradigm," New Generatoin of Wearable Systems for eHealth: Towards a Revolution of Citizen's Health and Lifestyle Management, Il Ciocco, December 12-14, 2003, Castelvecchio Pascoli, Lucca, Tuscany, Italy. Abstract PDF
A. Kapoor, Y. Qi, and R.W. Picard (2003), "Fully Automatic Upper Facial Action Recognition," IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures (AMFG 2003) held in conjunction with ICCV 2003, October 2003, Nice, France. TR 571
C.Q. Du (2003), "Prediction of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (PAF) Onset through Analysis of Inter-beat Intervals (IBI)," Masters of Engineering Thesis, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, May 2003. PDF
R. Fernandez and R.W. Picard (2003), "Modeling Driver’s Speech under Stress," Speech Communication, Volume 40, pp. 145-159. PDF
J. Dennerlein, T. Becker, P. Johnson, C. Reynolds and R.W. Picard (2003), "Frustrating Computer Users Increases Exposure to Physical Factors," Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association, August 24-29, 2003, Seoul, Korea. PDF
R.W. Picard (2003), "Affective Computing: Challenges," International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Volume 59, Issues 1-2, July 2003, pp. 55-64. PDF
S. Mota and R.W. Picard (2003), "Automated Posture Analysis for Detecting Learner's Interest Level," Workshop on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition for Human-Computer Interaction, CVPR HCI, June, 2003. PDF TR 574
T. Bickmore (2003), "Relational Agents: Effecting Change Through Human-Computer Relationships," Ph.D. Thesis, MIT Program in Media Arts and Science, February 2003. PDF
T. Bickmore and R.W. Picard (2003), "Subtle Expressivity by Relational Agents," Proceedings of the CHI 2003 Workshop on Subtle Expressivity for Characters and Robots, April 7th, 2003, Fort Lauderdale, FL. PDF
K.K. Liu and R.W. Picard (2003), "Subtle Expressivity in a Robotic Computer," Proceedings of the CHI2003 Workshop on Subtle Expressivity for Characters and Robot, April 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. PDF
F. Mueller, S. Agamanolis and R.W. Picard, (2003), "Exertion Interfaces: Sports Over a Distance for Social Bonding and Fun," Proceedings of CHI, April 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. PDF

2002

K. Blocher and R.W. Picard (2002), "Affective Social Quest: Emotion Recognition Therapy for Autistic Children," Chapter 16 in Socially Intelligent Agents - Creating Relationships with Computers and Robots, ed. by K. Dautenhahn, A. Bond, L. Canamero and B. Edmonds, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. PDF

C. Wren and C. Reynolds (2002), "Parsimony & Transparency in Ubiquitous Interface Design," In Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp'2002), September 29, 2002, Goteborg, Sweden. Abstract PDF Poster PDF

A. Kapoor and R.W. Picard (2002), "Real-Time, Fully Automatic Upper Facial Feature Tracking," Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, May 20-21, 2002, Washington D.C. TR 550

A. Kapoor (2002), "Automatic Facial Action Analysis," MIT S.M. Thesis, Media Arts and Sciences. TR 552

J. Scheirer, R. Fernandez, J. Klein and R.W. Picard (2002), "Frustrating the User on Purpose: A Step Toward Building an Affective Computer," Interacting with Computers, Volume 14, No. 2 (2002), pp. 93-118. TR 509

J. Klein, Y. Moon and R.W. Picard (2002), "This Computer Responds to User Frustration," Interacting with Computers, Volume 14, No. 2, (2002), pp. 119-140. TR 502

R.W. Picard, J. Klein (2002), "Computers that Recognise and Respond to User Emotion: Theoretical and Practical Implications," Interacting with Computers, Volume 14, Issue 2, (2002), pp. 141-169. TR 538

J. Klein, Y. Moon and R.W. Picard (2002), "This Computer Responds to User Frustration: Theory, Design, Results, and Implications," Interacting with Computers. Volume 14, (2002), pp 119-140. PDF

R. Fernandez and R.W. Picard (2002), "Dialog Act Classification from Prosodic Features Using Support Vector Machines," Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2002, Aix-en-Provence, France, April 11-13, 2002. PDF

R.W. Picard and A. Wexelblat (2002), "Future Interfaces: Social and Emotional," CHI, April 20-25, 2002, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 698-699. PDF

Y. Qi, T.P. Minka and R.W. Picard (2002), "Bayesian Spectrum Estimation of Unevenly Sampled Nonstationary Data," ICASSP 2002, May 2002, Orlando, FL. TR 549 Longer version of this work with more examples is in TR 556

F. Mueller, S. Agamanolis and R.W. Picard (2002), "Exertion Interfaces for Sports Over a Distance," Proceedings of UIST, 2002, Paris, France. PDF

G. Aist, B. Kort, R. Reilly, R.W. Picard and J. Mostow (2002), "Experimentally Augmenting an Intelligent Tutoring System with Human-Supplied Capabilities: Adding Human-Provided Emotional Scaffolding to an Automated Reading Tutor that Listens," Proceedings of the Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference (ITS2002), p. 992, June 2002, Biarritz, France. PDF

Y. Qi and R.W. Picard (2002), "Context-sensitive Bayesian Classifiers and Application to Mouse Pressure Pattern Classification," Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition, August 2002, Quebec City, Canada. TR 553

S. Mota (2002), "Automated Posture Analysis For Detecting Learner's Affective State," MIT MS Thesis, September 2002. PDF

F. Mueller (2002), "Sports Over a Distance for Social Bonding and Fun," MIT MS Thesis, September 2002. PDF

R.W. Picard and C. Du (2002), "Monitoring Stress and Heart Health with a Phone and Wearable Computer," Motorola Offspring Journal, Volume 1, November 2002. PDF

B. Kort, R. Reilly and N. Williams (2002), "Experiences with Civility and the Role of a Social Contract in Virtual Communities: A Communitas Model," from Papers from the 2002 AAAI Fall Symposium on Etiquette for Human-Computer Work, November 2002, North Falmouth, MA. DOC

2001

C. Reynolds (2001), "The Sensing and Measurement of Frustration with Computers," MIT SM Thesis, May 2001. PDF

T. Minka (2001), "A Family of Algorithms for Approximate Bayesian Inference," MIT PhD Thesis, January 2001. TR 533

R.W. Picard (2001), "Affective Medicine: Technology with Emotional Intelligence," Chapter in book "Future of Health Technology," IOS Press. TR 537

R.W. Picard (2001), "What Does it Mean for a Computer to "Have" Emotions?," Chapter in "Emotions in Humans and Artifacts," Ed. by R. Trappl, P. Petta and S. Payr. TR 534

R.W. Picard (2001), "Building HAL: Computers that Sense, Recognize, and Respond to Human Emotion," Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VI, Part of IS&T;/SPIE9s Photonics West 2001. TR 532

J. Wachman and R.W. Picard (2001), "Tools for Browsing a TV Situation Comedy Based on Content Specific Attributes," Multimedia Tools and Applications, Volume 13, April 2001, pp. 255-284. TR 477

T. Minka (2001), "A Family of Algorithms for an Aproximate Bayesian Inference," MIT PhD Thesis, January 2001. TR 533

R. Reilly, B. Kort and R.W. Picard (2001), "External Representation of Learning Process and Domain Knowledge: Affective State as a Determinate of its Structure and Function," Proceedings the IEEE Artificial Intelligence in Education Conference, San Antonio, Texas, May 2001.TR 546

B. Kort, R. Reilly and R.W. Picard (2001a), "An Affective Model of Interplay Between Emotions and Learning: Reengineering Educational Pedagogy-Building a Learning Companion," In Proceedings of International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT 2001), August 2001, Madison, WI. (Winner of Best Paper Prize.)TR 547

R.W. Picard and J. Scheirer (2001), "The Galvactivator: A Glove that Senses and Communicates Skin Conductivity," Proceedings from the 9th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, August 2001, New Orleans, LA, pp. 1538-1542. TR 542

C. Reynolds and R.W. Picard (2001), "Designing for Affective Interactions," Proceedings from the 9th International Conference on Human-ComputerInteraction, New Orleans, August 2001. TR 541

R.W. Picard, E. Vyzas, and J. Healey (2001), "Toward Machine Emotional Intelligence: Analysis of Affective Physiological State," IEEE Transactions Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Volume 23, No. 10, pp. 1175—1191, October 2001. TR 536

A. Kapoor, S. Mota, and R.W. Picard (2001), "Towards a Learning Companion that Recognizes Affect Emotional and Intelligence II: The Tangled Knot of Social Cognition," AAAI Fall Symposium 2001, North Falmouth, MA, November 2001. TR 543

A. Kapoor and R.W. Picard (2001), "A Real-Time Head Nod and Shake Detector," Workshop on Perceptive User Interfaces, Orlando, FL, 15th-16th, November 2001. TR 544

Y. Qi, C. Reynolds and R.W. Picard (2001), "The Bayes Point Machine for Computer-User Frustration Detection via Pressure Mouse," Proceedings from the Workshop on Perceptive Interfaces, Novermber 2001. TR 545 PDF

2000

R.W. Picard (2000), "Toward Agents that Recognize Emotion," Vivek, Volume 13, No. 1, pp. 3-13, January 2000. TR 515

R.W. Picard (2000), "Synthetic Emotion," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Volume 20, No. 1, pp. 52-53, January/February 2000.PDF

T.M. Nakra (2000), "Inside the Conductor's Jacket: Analysis, Interpretation and Musical Synthesis of Expressive Gesture," Ph.D. Dissertation, MIT Media Lab, February 2000. TR 518

R.W. Picard (2000), "Affective Perception," Communications of the ACM, Volume 43, No. 3, pp. 50-51, March 2000. PDF

R.W. Picard (2000), "Toward Computers that Recognize and Respond to User Emotion," IBM Systems Journal, Volume 39, Nos. 3 & 4, 2000. TR 535

R. Fernandez and R.W. Picard (2000), "Modeling Drivers' Speech Under Stress," ISCA Workshop on Speech and Emotions, July 2000, Belfast, Ireland. TR 528

J. Scheirer and R.W. Picard (2000), "Affective Objects," MIT Media Lab, March 2000. TR 524

J. Healey and R.W. Picard (2000), "SmartCar: Detecting Driver Stress," Proceedings of ICPR'00, Barcelona, Spain, May 2000. TR 525

J. Healey (2000), "Wearable and Automotive Systems for the Recognition of Affect from Physiology," MIT Ph.D. Thesis, May 2000. TR 526

1999

T. Minka (1999), "From Hidden Markov Models to Linear Dynamical Systems," TR 531

J.T. Klein (1999), "Computer Response to User Frustration," S.M. Thesis, MIT, January 1999. TR 480

J. Scheirer, R. Fernandez and R.W. Picard (1999), "Expression Glasses: A Wearable Device for Facial Expression Recognition," Proceedings CHI, late-breaking paper, pp. 262-263, Pittsburgh, PA, February 1999. TR 484 PDF

J. Healey, J. Seger and R.W. Picard (1999), "Quantifying Driver Stress: Developing a System for Collecting and Processing Bio-Metric Signals in Natural Situations," Proceedings of the Rocky-Mountain Bio-Engineering Symposium, April 16-18, 1999. TR 483

E. Vyzas and R.W. Picard (1999), "Offline and Online Recognition of Emotion Expression from Physiological Data," Workshop on Emotion-Based Agent Architectures, Third International Conference on Autonomous Agents, May 1, 1999, Seattle, WA. TR 488

E. Vyzas (1999), "Recognition of Emotion and Cognitive States Using Physiological Data," Mechanical Engineer's Degree Thesis, MIT, June 1999. TR 510

J. Klein, Y. Moon and R.W. Picard (1999), "This Computer Responds to User Frustration," Proceedings of CHI'99, Pittsburgh, PA, late-breaking results, pp. 242-243, June 1999. TR 502 PDF

R.W. Picard (1999), "Affective Computing for HCI," Proceedings HCI, 1999, Munich, Germany. PDF

R. Fernandez and R.W. Picard (1999), "Analysis and Classification of Stress Categories from Drivers' Speech," MIT Media Lab, November 1999. TR 513

T.P. Minka (1999), "Automatic Choice of Dimensionality for PCA," NIPS 13, December 1999. TR 514

K. Blocher (1999), "Affective Social Quest (ASQ): Teaching Emotion Recognition with Interactive Media & Wireless Expressive Toys," Master's Thesis, MIT, 1999. TR 497 PDF

D. Kirsch (1999), "The Affective Tigger: A Study on the Constructin of an Emotionally Reactive Toy," Master's Thesis, MIT, 1999. TR 496 PDF

1998

F. Liu and R.W. Picard (1997), "Finding Periodicity in Space and Time," Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision, January 1998, Bombay, India.TR 435

R.W. Picard (1998), "Toward Agents that Recognize Emotion," ACTES Proceedings IMAGINA, p. 153-165, March 1998. TR 515

J. Riseberg, J. Klein, R. Fernandez and R.W. Picard (1998), "Frustrating the User on Purpose: Using Biosignals in a Pilot Study to Detect the User's Emotional State," CHI late-breaking, March 1998. TR 458

J. Healey and R.W. Picard (1997), "Digital Processing of Affective Signals," Proceedings of ICASSP, May 12-15, 1998, Seattle, WA. TR 444

R.W. Picard (1998), "Human-Computer Coupling," Proceedings of the IEEE, Volume 86, No. 8, August 1998. TR 469

T. Marrin and R.W. Picard (1998), "Analysis of Affective Musical Expression with the Conductor's Jacket," Proceedings of the XII Colloquium on Musical Informatics, Gorizia, September 1998, Italy. TR 475

E. Vyzas and R.W. Picard (1998), "Affective Pattern Classification," 1998 AAAI Fall Symposium Series: Emotional and Intelligent: The Tangled Knot of Cognition, October 23-25, 1998, Orlando, Florida. TR 473

T. Marrin and R.W. Picard (1998), "The 'Conductor's Jacket': A Device for Recording Expressive Musical Gestures," Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference, October 1998. TR 470 TR 470

J. Healey and R.W. Picard (1998), "StartleCam: A Cybernetic Wearable Camera," Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, October 1998, Pittsburgh, PA. TR 468

J. Healey, R.W. Picard and F. Dabek (1998), "A New Affect-Perceiving Interface and Its Application to Personalized Music Selection," Proceedings of the 1998 Workshop on Perceptual User Interfaces, San Francisco, CA, November 4-6, 1998. TR 478

A. Sherstinsky and R.W. Picard (1998), "On Stability and Equilibria of Analog Feedback Networks," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Volume 45, No. 4, pp. 408-415, 1998.

F. Lui and R.W. Picard (1998), "A Spectral 2-D Wold Decomposition Algorithm for Homogeneous Random Fields," Proceedings of ICASSP'99, Pheoniz, AZ.TR 482 PDF

R.W. Picard (1998), "Human-Computer Coupling," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.86, No.8. TR 469 PDF

1997

J. Klein, R.W. Picard and J. Riseberg (1997), "Support for Human Emotional Needs in Human-Computer Interaction," In notes of "Toward and HCI Research and Practice Agenda Based on Human Needs and Social Responsibility" Workshop preceeding CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems, Atlanta, GA, April 1997. PDF

J. Healey and R.W Picard (1997), "Digital Processing of Affective Signals," Proceedings of ICASSP, May 12-15, 1998, Seattle, WA. TR 444

R. Fernandez (1997), "Stochastic Modeling of Physiological Signals with Hidden Markov Models: A Step Toward Frustration Detection in Human-Computer Interfaces," MIT Thesis for the degree of M.S. in EECS, September 1997. TR 446

F. Liu (1997), "Modeling Spatial and Temporal Textures," Ph.D. Thesis, MIT, September 1997. TR 462

R.W. Picard and G. Cosier (1997), "Affective Intelligence--The Missing Link?" BT Technical Journal, Volume 15, No. 4, Oct. 1997. TR 448

T.P. Minka and R.W. Picard (1997), "Interactive Learning Using a 'Society of Models,'" Pattern Recognition, Volume 30, No. 4, pp. 565-581, 1997. (Winner of 1997 Pattern Recognition Society Award) TR 349

T. Starner, S. Mann, B. Rhodes, J. Levine, J. Healey, D. Kirsch, R.W. Picard and A. Pentland (1997), "Augmented Reality Through Wearable Computing," Presence, Volume 6, No. 4, pp. 386-398, 1997. TR 397

R.W. Picard and J. Healey (1997), "Affective Wearables," Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Cambridge, MA, October 1997. TR 432

R.W. Picard and J. Healey (1997), "Affective Wearables," Personal Technologies, Volume 1, No. 4, pp. 231-240, December 1997. TR 467

R. Fernandez and R.W. Picard (1997), "Signal Processing for Recognition of Human Frustration," Proceedings of ICASSP98. TR 447

D. Kirsch (1997), The Sentic Mouse: Developing a tool for Measuring Emotional Valence,", MIT Bachelor's Thesis report, May 1997.TR 495

R.W. Picard (1997), "Affective Computing," MIT Press, Cambridge, 1997, The bibliography from this book is available online.

R. W. Picard (1997), "Does HAL Cry Digital Tears?: Computers and Emotions," chapter in Hal's Legacy, Ed. by D. Stork. The computer HAL was the most emotional character in Kubrick & Clarke's 2001: A Space Odyssey. This book contains chapters by Ray Kurzweil, Roger Schank, Doug Lenat, Azriel Rosenfeld, Don Norman, Dan Dennett, and other leading experts on areas where Hal has inspired research, together with an interview with Marvin Minsky, and a forward by Arthur C. Clarke.

J. Riseberg, J. Klein, R. Fernandez, and R.W. Picard (1997), "Frustrating the User on Purpose: Using Biosignals in a Pilot Study to Detect the User’s Emotional State," CHI 98, late-breaking short paper.

M. Szummer and R.W. Picard (1997), "Indoor-Outdoor Image Classification," Proceeding of International Workshop on Content-Based Access of Image and Video Databases, Bombay, India, January 3, 1998. TR 445 PDF

K. Popat (1997), "Conjoint Probabalistic Subband Modeling," PhD Thesis, MIT, 1997. TR 461

Before 1997, most of the research publications for Picard and her research assistants focused on image and video analysis, texture models, computer vision, pattern analysis, signal processing, and content-based retrieval, without deliberate consideration of affective information. These earlier publications can be found on the Vismod TR webpage. The handful below involve our content-based retrieval systems that incorporated positive/negative feedback from the user, our earliest systems that involved "sensing" of "affective information."

1996

T P. Minka and R.W. Picard (1996), "Interactive Learning with a Society of Models," Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 1996, San Francisco, CA, pp. 447-452.

R.W. Picard, T.P. Minka, and M. Szummer (1996), "Modeling User Subjectivity in Image Libraries," IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 96), September 1996, Lausanne, Switzerland. TR 382

1995

R.W. Picard (1995), "Computer Learning of Subjectivity," ACM Computing Surveys, Volume 27, No. 4, pp. 621-623, December 1995. TR 359

R.W. Picard (1995), "Affective Computing," this TR was the thought-paper that presented my initial thinking on Affective Computing. TR 321, PDF.