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Electronics Fab Lecture Outline Joe Paradiso (joep@media.mit.edu; 1 Cambridge Ctr, 5 FL) Introduction, analogies Learning to speak French by walking into a cafe and ordering a meal Objectives: Feeling for basic analog and digital circuitry Some discretes, OpAmps, simple logic (TTL/CMOS) Some handy circuits Concepts in basic signal conditioning Little bit of hands-on prototyping Avoid getting into the most common trouble "Reflexive" habbits (bypass caps, etc.) Know some things to look out for when it doesn't work... No real RF or HF stuff (& associated black arts) covered in this lecture Handy Books: Art of Electronics (Horowitz and Hill) The OpAmp Cookbook (Walter K. Jung) Active-Filter Cookbook (Don Lancaster) CMOS Cookbook (Don Lancaster) TTL Cookbook (Don Lancaster) The IC Timer Cookbook (Walter K. Jung) [O/P] Audio IC OpAmp Applications (Walter K. Jung) [O/P] Magazines: Circuit Cellar INK Nuts & Volts, Popular Electronics... Electronic Design, EDN, NASA Tech Briefs...
Component and corporate resources Databooks Web searches (a few out of many vendors) http://www-us2.semiconductors.philips.com Personal, info sites, like: http://www.itl.co.uk/HomePages/PaulReynolds/semi.html Vendors (some examples) DigiKey (http://www.digikey.com ) Hosfelt Electronics (great surplus - http://www.hosfelt.com ) JameCo Electronics (surplus/computer stuff - http://www.jameco.com ) Marlin P. Jones (wild-stuff surplus - http://www.mpja.com ) JDR Electronics (in-between - http://www.jdr.com ) Future/Active Electronics (retail & distributor - http://www.future-active.com ) Allied Electronics (http://www.allied.avnet.co ) Newark Electronics (http://www.newark.com ) Radio Shack!! (http://www.radioshack.com )
Basic Quantities; Voltage, current, power, AC/DC
Passive Components: Thru-Hole and surface-mount
Resistors Function Turn current into voltage Limit current Combine/Weight signals Set time constants, damping, etc. Color code (same order as ribbon cable colors) (0-9 = black,brown,red,orange,yellow,green,blue,purple,gray,white) Tolerances (silver = 10%, gold = 5%, red = 2%, brown = 1%) Power Ratings (1 W, 1/2W, 1/4W, 1/8W) Ohm's Law I = V/R Voltage Divider V1 = R1/(R1+R2) Potentiometer, trimpots Series ( R = R1 + R2 + R3 +…) Parallel ( R = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …) Capacitors Function Structure, energy in electric field Impedance [|z| = 1/(2p fC)]; differentiate - pass AC, block DC How to read them Types: Glass, polystyrene, mica, polypropolene, mylar, ceramic, electrolytic, tantalum, supercap Some defining characteristics Voltage capacity DC leakage Voltage dependance Hysteresis (memory) Series inductance High frequency performance Electrolytic ratings, !!polarity!! Role of bypass capacitors (typically 0.1 uF) Series circuits (C = 1/(1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + …) Parallel circuits (C = C1 + C2 + C3 + …) Passive RC filters Cutoff frequency= 1/(2pRC), 6 dB/octave, 45° phase @ 3 dB
Diodes Structure (PN), voltage drop, functions Zeners Peak Detector circuits Bridge (full-wave) rectifiers LED's
Inductors Structure, energy in magnetic field Low Frequency usage not very common... Series and Parallel math like resistors: Series: L = L1 + L2 + L3 + …) Parallel: L = 1/(1/L1 + 1/L2 + 1/L3 + …) Impedance (|z| = f L/2p); integrates - tends to pass DC, block AC Filters (analogous to RC, but now highpass…) Resonators Parallel LC; z goes to infinity at f = 1/(2p sqrt(LC)); bandpass Series LC; z goes to zero at f = 1/(2p sqrt(LC)); notch, pumping The transformer Vsec = (Nsec/Npri) Vpri Step up (Nsec > Npri) Step down (Npri > Nsec) Impedance conversion ( Z-eff[pri] = (Npri/Nsec)2 Zsec ) Isolation
Integrated Circuits (IC's) OpAmps Ideal model Comparitors Hysteresis Follower/Buffer Non-inverting w. gain Inverting amplifier Transresistance (C-V) Summer Clamping with diode Differential amplifier and instrumentation amplifier Differentiator, High Pass active filter Integrator, Low Pass active filter Single supply operation - biasing Sallen-key (VCVS, multiple feedback) second order active filter Bandpass filter (Sallen-key, State Variable) Switched capacitor filters, VCF's Types of OpAmps Packages (single, dual, quad) Specs Voltage, current, R-R Speed, Gain/bandwidth trade High Impedance, JFET, CMOS Noise (current, voltage) Compensation... Some examples: Ancient: 741 Garden variety, out to 200 Khz; not bad for audio either (LF351, TLO81/2/4, OP482/4 A little better: AD711/712/713 Generic, single supply (pulls to ground) LM324 (quad) Low Power: TLO6x, CMOS: TLC271 series (programmable power), CA3130, CA3140 Low Power, low V, R-R (often CMOS): LPC661IN (National), MAX494 series, OP491, TLC2274 series " ", but a bit faster: OP462 series Low voltage, R-R, moderate power, good speed: MAX474/475 Good DC performance (low drift): LM308, OP297/497, OP27 Low noise, Stiff drivers (600 Ohm audio lines), standard in audio: NE5532/5534, TLE2082 series Low voltage noise: AD743, AD745, AD797 (this one is touchy...)! Fast OpAmps: LM318, AD817 (video; nice and stable), AD829 (low noise video) Differential video amps/drivers (not really OpAmps): LM733, NE529 (stability woes... very fast and cheap) Comparitors (not really OpAmps either...): LM311, LM339 (quad; single supply), CA3290 (CMOS) Instrumentation amplifiers (" "): Burr Brown INA series, AnalogD's AMP01 (low noise), AD623 (low V, R-R) OpAmp Variants: Norton Amplifiers (CDA's): e.g., LM3900 Current-Feedback Amplifiers: e.g., National Comlinear series Programmable Gain Amplifiers (PGA's): e.g., AD8320, OPA675, OPA676
Discrete Semiconductors (Transistors, FETs, MOSFETs) Device introductions, ic = b ibe id = gm vgs Examples: 2N2904 (NPN low power), 2N3906 (" "), Ic around 100 mA MPF102 (N-FET) VN2222L (low power MOSFET), VN1302N3 (fast LP MOSFET), SuperTex fast power MOSFETs TIP31 (NPN med. power), TIP32 (PNP med. power) 2N3055 (NPN power), MJE2955 (PNP power) Look for VCEO, Ic, Beta, ft specs Emitter Follower and source follower, the Darlington pair Arrays, e.g., ULN2001,2003,2003,2004 Grounded emitter, switch Notion of biasing for linear operation High current buffer stages The power transistor & its offspring Packages, heat sinks, ratings Driving lamps, inductive loads, lightbulbs, LED's Push-Pull drivers With and without crossover distortion (biasing) Linearized with feedback around OpAmp Power OpAmps; e.g. Burr Brown series (OPA663 [80 mA] thru OPA512 [15 A]), APEX Opposing Differential Drive Stages
Motor Drivers Push/Pull (linear drive) H-Bridge (e.g., LMD18200) Steppers Thyristors (very quickly...) SCR's, Triacs, DIACs The dimmer switch Power supply regulators Series regulators (78xx, 79xx) Low dropout regulators (e.g., MAX883) Switching regulators, up & down DC/DC converters (e.g., MAX639 series)
Logic Define a logic signal Families: TTL, CMOS, HC, F, ECL Essential gates (NAND, NOR, XOR) FlipFlops, Latches Counters Data selectors, multiplexers, demultiplexers Switches Special Circuits See Maxim, Analog Devices, Burr Brown, Linear Technologies, etc. listings 555/556 timers 8038, 566, XR2206 VCO Sample/Holds (LF398, AD682/684 [fast, integral cap]) Analog switches (DG201 series from Analog, LF13201 series from National) Operational Transconductance Multipliers (OTA's): CA3080, LM13700 Barry Gilbert's XAMP (AD600, AD603) Multipliers (AD633) Log amplifiers, nonlinear functions Audio Power Amplifiers, LM386 How to Prototype Protoboard basics, wiring it up Power supply connections and care thereof The short circuit... Power supply ratings What is an oscilloscope and how to start using it The Digital Voltmeter Instinctive troubleshooting
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