Table of Contents
1 Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Motivation
1.2.1 Event coverage
1.2.2 Product engineering
1.3 Thesis structure
2 Background
2.1 A History of PIA sensor networks
2.1.1 MarathonMan
2.1.2 GeoPak
2.1.3 BioPak
2.1.4 C2C
2.2 Need for Snap!
2.3 Related work
2.3.1 IEEE 1451
2.3.2 LonWorks and other industrial networks
2.3.3 Smart Dust and µAmps
2.3.4 FitSense
2.4 Summary
3 Design
3.1 Functional description
3.2 Design considerations
3.2.1 Scaleability
3.2.2 Extensibility
3.2.3 Low power
3.2.4 Fault tolerant
3.2.5 Plug-and-play
3.3 Snap! architecture
3.3.1 The Snap! packet
3.3.2 Opcode descriptions
3.3.3 Variable description
3.3.4 Required variables
3.3.5 Bootstrapping
3.3.6 The Snap! node
3.4 Summary
4 A First Implementation
4.1 Preliminary information
4.1.1 PIC 16F876
4.1.2 The inter-integrated circuit (I2C) communication specification
4.2 Network interface module
4.2.1 Wired
4.2.2 Wireless
4.3 Input/Output module
4.3.1 Hardware
4.3.2 Software
4.4 SWAT: Skiing With Advanced Technology
4.4.1 SWAT motivation
4.4.2 Composition
4.5 Summary
5 Results and Evaluation
5.1 Field Test: Iceland
5.1.1 What went wrong
5.1.2 What went right
5.1.3 Lessons learned
5.2 Field Test: Norway
5.2.1 What went wrong
5.2.2 What went right
5.2.3 Analysis of collected data
5.3 Conclusions
5.3.1 Snap! weaknesses
5.3.2 Snap! contributions
5.4 Future work
5.4.1 Extension of SWAT
5.4.2 Full implementation of all opcodes and variables
5.4.3 Addition of planned peripherals
5.4.4 Migration to other platforms
5.4.5 Use for other applications
Figure 1: Wired athlete
Figure 2: MarathonMan system
Figure 3: GeoPak system
Figure 4: BioPak system
Figure 5: Snap! packet format
Figure 6: Opcode meanings
Figure 7: Snap! node
Figure 8: Input/output module examples
Figure 9: First implemented networks
Figure 10: Snap! node implementation
Figure 11: Iceland SWAT system
Figure 12: Norway SWAT system
Figure 13: Norway SWAT system diagram
Figure 14: SWAT system
Figure 15: Accelerometer directions
Figure 16: Iceland SWAT system acceleration
Figure 17: Iceland SWAT system heart rate
Figure 18: SWAT browser
Figure 19: Ski measurements
Figure 20: Skier stride as shown by toe angle
Figure 21: Stride analysis with toe angle and boot flex
Figure 22: Ski motion through acceleration